A comprehensive assessment on recent advancements in spent fuel reprocessing and waste management: pioneering technologies for a sustainable nuclear future

Abstract This work analyzes advancements in nuclear energy, focusing on spent fuel reprocessing and waste disposal. Key technologies such as pyroprocessing, aqueous reprocessing, and the DUPIC (Direct Use of Spent PWR Fuel in CANDU) process are examined for their effectiveness in reducing environmental and safety risks. Pyroprocessing is highlighted for its ability to enhance actinide recovery and reduce waste volume, while the PUREX process demonstrates high recovery efficiencies for uranium and plutonium. The integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and chemical kinetics modeling optimizes process parameters, improving reprocessing outcomes. The DUPIC method shows potential in improving reactor performance and minimizing waste. Long-term waste management strategies, such as dry cask storage and geological disposal, are also explored, with advancements in safety and heat dissipation technologies. Innovations like autonomous passive cooling and antineutrino monitoring are promising for spent fuel management security. Additionally, the study highlights Generation IV reactors and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as critical to minimizing nuclear energy’s environmental impact. The work emphasizes continued progress in reprocessing and waste management to address technical, economic, and environmental challenges, ensuring the viability of nuclear energy.