A Preliminary Study of the Stressed and Drowsy Driving Prediction Models using Semi-Supervised Learning

Predicting the occurrence of stressed and drowsy driving provides sufficient time to alert drivers and prevent undesired driving behaviours that result in road traffic accidents. Typically, the predictive machine learning models for stress and drowsy driving are formulated using supervised learning with labelled data. Labelled data are available only in training datasets, where labelling new data becomes infeasible and costly. With the ever-growing quantity of new and unlabelled data, once the model is deployed, unlabelled data quickly dominate the whole data population, and bias toward unlabelled data may increase the error rate of the prediction model. A preliminary study was thus conducted to train the predictive model using semi-supervised learning. We analyze and compare the performance of four algorithms, namely extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), autoregression (AR), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), and exponential smoothing (ES). Various portions of unlabeled data were introduced, and more window sizes (in advance intervals) were chosen for the analysis.