Maternal and child health outcomes in BRICS countries: Analysis of MDGs and SDGs periods

This study examines maternal-child health outcomes, specifically infant, under-5, and maternal mortality rates in BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) between 2000 and 2022, segmented into Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) periods. Using Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) and Panel Quantile Regression estimators, the analysis identifies significant improvements in child mortality outcomes from the MDGs to the SDGs era, reflecting advancements in healthcare infrastructure and enhanced health policies. However, quantile regression results highlight persistent inequalities, with disproportionately poorer outcomes in nations with higher maternal mortality rates. The findings underline the continuing health disparities across BRICS nations, emphasising the importance of inclusive and equitable healthcare systems. Policymakers are encouraged to design targeted health interventions that address socioeconomic determinants, such as education, healthcare expenditure, immunisation coverage, and urbanisation, to improve maternal-child health outcomes. Strengthening healthcare delivery, particularly among vulnerable populations such as low-income families and children, is essential for reducing mortality rates and achieving broader health objectives within the SDGs framework. Ultimately, the study advocates integrated public health strategies that support sustainable progress towards equitable maternal and child health across the BRICS region.