Effect of Rosemary Leaf Ethanol Extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on Arginase-1 and Tumor Suppressor P53 Expression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Male Wistar Strain Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Induced By p-Dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMBA)

Aims: Tumor Suppressor p53 is a frequent research target to further understand the mechanisms of cancer development and the pathogenesis of cancer. Arginase-1 may also be a potential prognosis predictor for HCC patients, and also be a new target for HCC treatment. This research aims to scientifically test whether the administration of ethanol extract from Rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) inhibits the increase in Arginase-1 and inhibits the increase in Tumor Suppressor p53 from Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats (Rattus norvegicus L) Male Wistar induced by p -Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA). Study Design: This study used an in vivo laboratory test method. This study employed true experimental laboratories to evaluate the effects of rosemary leaf extract. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology and Therapy and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, between December 2023 to July 2024. Methodology: Wistar rats were induced with p-Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA) and treated with varying doses of ethanol extract from rosemary leaves (200 mg/kg BW, 400 mg/kg BW, and 800 mg/kg BW). A control group was included, and the experiment was replicated five times. Hepatocellular carcinoma in liver tissue samples was evaluated through immunohistochemistry for Arginase-1 and Tumor Suppressor p53 expression. Interpretation of immunoreactivity was based on Histochemical scoring (H-score) assessment. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of rosemary leaves inhibited the decrease in Tumor Suppressor p53 expression in the DMBA-treated group. Significant increases in p53 expression were observed at doses of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg BW. One-way ANOVA of the immunohistochemical tests for Arginase-1 and p53 revealed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). The ethanol extract of rosemary leaves demonstrated a potential to inhibit the decrease in Tumor Suppressor p53 expression but did not significantly affect the expression of Arginase-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats induced by p-Dimethylamino Benzaldehyde (DMBA). Conclusion: Ethanol extract of rosemary leaves could not inhibit the increase in arginase-1 expression and inhibit the decrease in tumor suppressor p53 of hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats induced by p-Dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMBA).