Demand Forecasting and Allocation Optimization of Green Power Grid Supply Chain Based on Machine Learning Algorithm: A Study Based on the Whole-Process Data of Power Grid Materials

The efficient management of the green power grid supply chain is of great significance in addressing global energy transformation and achieving sustainable development goals. However, traditional methods struggle to effectively cope with the complexity and dynamics of demand forecasting and the multi-objective optimization problems in material allocation. In response to this challenge, this paper proposes a machine-learning-based demand forecasting and allocation optimization method, aiming to improve the management efficiency of the supply chain and reduce environmental impacts. First, based on the whole-process data of power grid materials, a multi-model fusion strategy is adopted for demand forecasting. By combining machine learning models such as long short-term memory (LSTM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and random forest, the prediction accuracy and the generalization ability of the model are significantly improved. Moreover, a “distributed collaborative optimization algorithm” is proposed. By decomposing the power grid regions, this paper optimizes transportation routes and inventory management, and comprehensively reduces transportation, inventory, and environmental protection costs while taking into account the real-time requirements in a complex supply chain environment. Finally, an empirical analysis is carried out in combination with the optimized allocation plan, verifying the practical effectiveness of the proposed method. The results indicate that the optimized scheme significantly outperforms the traditional method in terms of total cost, transportation efficiency, and carbon emissions. Specifically, the optimized scheme achieves a 13% reduction in transportation costs, a 10% decrease in inventory costs, and a 25% cut in environmental protection expenses. Additionally, it decreases transportation-related carbon emissions by approximately 250 tons. The demand forecasting and allocation optimization method based on machine learning has obvious economic and environmental advantages in the green power grid material supply chain. By effectively integrating various algorithms, this paper enhances the accuracy and stability of material management while substantially reducing operating costs and carbon emissions. This is in line with the sustainable goals of green power grid development. The paper provides an optimized framework with practical value for managing the green supply chain in the power grid industry.