Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking using the water quality index

ABSTRACT Groundwater is considered to be a safe and reliable source of drinking water in many parts of Africa. However, high population densities have led to its contamination with harmful pathogens. This study aimed to assess the suitability of groundwater for human consumption, specifically drinking water, using the water quality index (WQI) in the Mufuchani area of Zambia's Copperbelt Province. Water samples were collected from six boreholes and 14 wells between June, July, and August 2023, and their physio-chemical and biological parameters were analyzed. Results showed that 95% of the water samples had elevated levels of total and fecal coliforms. Furthermore, the WQI was determined. Based on the WQI values, 5% of the samples are described as 'excellent', 35% as 'good', and 14% as 'very poor'. In conclusion, the groundwater quality in the area was found to be compromised and unsafe for human consumption without treatment. We therefore recommend water treatment of water from groundwater sources either at the household level or at the community storage points before it is supplied. Furthermore, we recommend public health awareness campaigns on the need for appropriate sanitation technologies, and behavioral change specifically with respect to fecal sludge management in the study area.