Enhancing Worker Safety Behaviors Through the Job Demands–Resources Approach: Insights from the Korean Construction Sector

(1) Background: The construction industry faces high occupational accident rates due to complex work environments and physical hazards, significantly impacting worker safety and well-being. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, this study addresses the challenges posed by the multi-level subcontracting structure in the Korean construction sector. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the job demands and resources factors that shape workers’ safety behaviors. (2) Methods: Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using data from the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Survey by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, with a sample of 1502 construction firms. (3) Results: Job demands, including hazardous work environments, physically demanding tasks, and mental stress, were found to affect workers’ safety behaviors negatively. Middle managers’ safety competency mitigated the negative effects of these environmental, physical, and mental job demands. Additionally, safety culture and systems moderated the adverse effects of physical job demands, while organizational stress and risk management efforts moderated the impact of environmental job demands. (4) Conclusions: Managerial safety competencies, especially at the middle management level, are vital for improving safety outcomes in the construction industry. This is particularly important in the Korean construction sector, where management responsibilities are often dispersed. Training and development for managers are essential for future safety initiatives.