Energy drinks exacerbate high-fat diet-induced metabolic and hepatic dysfunction in male and female Wistar rats

Summary: The global increase in non-communicable diseases, particularly those linked to obesity and metabolic disorders, is increasingly associated with high-fat diets (HFD) and the rising consumption of energy drinks (ED). This study examines the combined effects of these dietary factors on metabolic health and liver function using male and female Wistar rats. Sixty-four rats (32 males and 32 females) were divided into four dietary groups-control, control + ED, HFD, and HFD + ED, and observed over 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, various parameters were assessed, including body anthroprometrics, lipid profile, antioxidant activity, liver function, glucose and insulin levels, leptin levels, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, and liver histology.The results indicated that female rats in the HFD + ED group experienced increased BMI and elevated leptin levels, suggesting enhanced adiposity and potential leptin resistance. Male rats showed muscle mass gains without corresponding increases in BMI, indicating a different metabolic response to caloric intake. Significant increases in serum SOD and CAT levels were observed in female rats, alongside elevated CAT levels in male rats, pointing to a compensatory response to oxidative stress. Additionally, increases in liver function parameters ALT and ALP, particularly in female rats, indicated liver damage. Total protein levels were also decreased in female Wistar rats, suggesting reduced protein synthesis. Histological analysis confirmed hepatic injury, which was exacerbated by the combined intake of HFD and ED. These findings demonstrate that the combined intake of a high-fat diet and energy drinks leads to significant metabolic disruptions and liver damage in Wistar rats.