Effectiveness of Oral Nutrition Supplements in Older Patients: Evidence Versus Challenges

The increasing population of older adults imposes a significant burden and expenditures on healthcare services. Malnutrition is frequently associated with chronic diseases in older patients. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are crucial in managing malnutrition in older adults who need nutritional support. However, challenges related to low adherence may limit the effectiveness of ONS. This narrative review focuses on the difficulties associated with ONS use and the evidence regarding its efficacy in older patients. Studies have reported that ONS can be an effective strategy for nutritional interventions to prevent weight loss by supporting an increase in total food consumption. In addition, ONS have shown positive effects on walking speed and muscle strength in older adults. While the evidence for the positive impact of ONS on enhanced appetite, improved energy intake, and body weight in older patients at risk of malnutrition is well documented, concerns about inadequate consumption, taste and texture dissatisfaction, and low adherence have also been noted. Poor adherence to nutritional therapy may place older patients at risk of medical complications, rehospitalizations, and interruptions in nutritional care. Future qualitative and mixed-method research focused on improving the reporting and follow-up of ONS adherence and understanding the factors influencing acceptance in older patients will strengthen the existing literature and provide valuable guidance for healthcare teams in increasing adherence.