Advances in Biomaterials for Dental Implants: From Nanotechnology to Regenerative Medicine

The evolution of biomaterials has significantly transformed dental implantology, offering improved functionality, aesthetics, and patient outcomes. This review explores the progression from conventional materials such as titanium alloys, ceramics, and polymers to advanced biomaterials enabled by nanotechnology and regenerative medicine. Innovations like nanostructured surfaces, nanocomposites, and antimicrobial nanocoatings have enhanced osseointegration, strength, and infection prevention. Furthermore, regenerative approaches employing bioactive glass, hydrogels, and biodegradable materials have advanced bone and soft tissue repair. The incorporation of biologics, including growth factors and stem cell therapies, shows promise in optimizing implant success. Emerging technologies such as smart biomaterials, CRISPR, and AI-driven biomaterial design present a futuristic vision for personalized dental care. Despite these advancements, challenges related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, and ethical considerations persist. This review highlights current achievements and future directions, emphasizing the potential of biomaterials to revolutionize modern dental implant practices.