Spent EV Battery Circularity Challenges and Opportunities: A Case For Jordan

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles has led to two major challenges: (1) a rise in electric vehicle battery replacement demand, and (2) a high volume of spent batteries entering the waste stream. While these are common challenges worldwide, developing countries face greater uncertainty and faster waste accumulation due to the rapid electric vehicle imports. Numerous end-of-life practices can be adopted to improve the circularity and sustainability of electric vehicles. The most common end-of-life strategies are recycling, remanufacturing, and repurposing. Implementing these various strategies is complex and requires significant investment; hence, support and planning at the national level are needed. In this paper, end-of-life strategies are investigated for Jordan to guide infrastructure and policy development. Data is analyzed to study the status quo of Jordan and project electric vehicle spent battery accumulation. Afterward, the revenue potential from recycling, remanufacturing, and repurposing is calculated. Finally, the TOPSIS method is adopted to allow for a holistic multicriteria guide. The revenue potential modeled is used as one of the input criteria for the TOPSIS method. In all, various end-of-life strategies showed promising revenue streams and a roadmap for Jordan is proposed.