Oriented Immobilization of IgG for Immunosensor Development

The realization of the oriented immobilization of antibodies onto the surfaces of solid or nanometal particles constitutes a significant approach for enhancing the performance of electrochemical immunosensors. In light of the research findings of predecessors, this review showcases several immobilization methods, categorizing them into covalent binding pathways, bioaffinity techniques, and other binding modalities for elaboration. Emphasis is placed on expounding the binding sites, binding mechanisms, as well as the merits and drawbacks of binding techniques such as those involving disulfide bonds, glycan chains, protein A, G, and DNA.