The role of dentistry in forensic medicine: identification of human remains

Relevance. The role of a dentist is not always limited to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of various oral diseases. This profession is also of great importance in the medical and forensic fields, especially in the identification of unidentified bodies. This is why forensic dentistry has developed — a science whose contribution is invaluable in investigating crimes and mass disasters with several victims. This work requires the highest qualifications and prompt actions of specially trained experts with extensive experience. Objective. To analyze modern methods of forensic dentistry for identifying human remains, evaluate their effectiveness, and determine promising areas for dental examination development. Methodology. An analysis of the main methods of forensic dentistry was carried out. A comparative anatomical analysis of the dental system, radiographic methods, and digital technologies were used. Results. Identification methods include data collection, careful examination, and radiographic and photographic recording of postmortem evidence of tooth condition, imprints on the skin, features of the jaws, lips, and palatine folds of the mucous membrane. These data were compared with antemortem records to determine the race and age of the deceased. A key factor in successful identification is the maintenance of detailed patient records and effective cooperation with law enforcement. The study of the mechanisms of the formation of marks on teeth in cases of violence, traumatic injuries in cases of sexual violence, and characteristic injuries in cases of abuse of minors is critical for the work of a forensic dentist. Knowledge of methods for determining an individual’s age is essential. In addition, understanding the methods of establishing identity and the algorithms for their application in mass incidents while observing ethical principles is a fundamental aspect of the work of a forensic dentist. Examination of bodies for identification is inextricably linked with the observance of human rights, including the investigation of war crimes, which requires a special approach to this procedure. Conclusions. In modern times, the role of forensic dentistry has continued to increase. This is due to an increase in the number of natural and man-made disasters, military conflicts, and terrorist attacks where mass identification of victims is required. Dental methods enable highly accurate identification of remains even when other methods are ineffective. The development of digital technologies, 3D modeling, and artificial intelligence has opened new opportunities for forensic dentistry, increasing the accuracy and speed of identification. This makes dental examination an indispensable tool in modern forensic medicine and criminal investigations.