Optimal linear response for expanding circle maps

Abstract We consider the problem of optimal linear response for deterministic expanding maps of the circle. To each infinitesimal perturbation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of a circle map T we consider (i) the response of the expectation of an observation function and (ii) the response of isolated spectral points of the transfer operator of T . In each case, under mild conditions on the set of feasible perturbations <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> we show there is a unique optimal feasible infinitesimal perturbation perspective, we remark that even a movemen <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>optimal</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , maximising the increase of the expectation of the given observation function or maximising the increase of the spectral gap of the transfer operator associated to the system. We derive expressions for the unique maximiser <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>optimal</mml:mtext> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in terms of its Fourier coefficients. We also devise a Fourier-based computational scheme and apply it to illustrate our theory.