Solar Modulation of Cosmic Nuclei over a Solar Cycle: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
We report the properties of precision time structures of cosmic nuclei He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O fluxes over an 11-year solar cycle from May 2011 to November 2022 in the rigidity range from 1.92 to 60.3 GV. The nuclei fluxes show similar but not identical time variations with amplitudes decreasing with increasing rigidity. In particular, below 3.64 GV the Li, Be, and B fluxes, and below 2.15 GV the C, N, and O fluxes, are significantly less affected by solar modulation than the He flux. We observe that these differences in solar modulation are linearly correlated with the differences in the spectral indices of the cosmic nuclei fluxes. This shows, in a model-independent way, that solar modulation of galactic cosmic nuclei depends on their spectral shape. In addition, solar modulation differences due to nuclei velocity dependence on the mass-to-charge ratio (A/Z) are not observed.
Authors
- G. R. Chen
- P. Väisänen
- Guo-Ming Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2629-5420)
- P. von Doetinchem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7801-3376)
- M. Duranti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0980-6425)
- R. K. Hashmani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-7615)
- Y. Najafi Jozani
- M. Incagli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8197-2466)
- L. Q. Wang
- Nicola Tomassetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-9299)
- M. Graziani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-2048)
- V. V. Mikhailov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3851-2901)
- M. J. Boschini
- G. Ambrosi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6977-9559)
- M. Li
- Zheng Cui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-6542)
- Alessio Ubaldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2008-9733)
- D. Maurin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-0606)
- Timothy H. Hsieh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5507-5697)
- Ilya Usoskin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-9081)
- Samuel C.C. Ting (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7831-7460)
- D. Pridöhl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-9217)
- R. Z. Sagdeev
- G. Silvestre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8613-3343)
- D. M. Gómez-Coral
- R. Battiston (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5808-7239)
- A. Eline
- M. Zuberi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-7936)
- J. H. Li
- A. Oliva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6612-6170)
- Z. H. Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7328-6060)
- A. Shukla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-7229)
- Dario Pelosi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4862-9302)
- B. W. Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3939-1154)
- M. Vecchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-6029)
- D. Rozza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-6353)
- C. Delgado Mendez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7014-4101)
- B. Alpat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-1506)
- Z. H. Qu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4695-4856)
- B. Demirköz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7171-5976)
- J. Q. Li
- J. Ocampo-Peleteiro
- Zhibin Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-2287)
- G. Laurenti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2170-7246)
- H. S. Chen
- G. La Vacca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2168-9447)
- B. Heber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0960-5658)
- Fulvio D’Angelo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4940-4693)
- E. Robyn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3489-0588)
- A. Siemko
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- Y. Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-2620)
- Shan Luo
- Young Moon Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2570-5149)
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- K. Bollweg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8425-6882)
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- N. Burzillà
- F. Hernández-Nicolás
Institutions
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Hawaii System (US)
- Shandong University (CN)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology (TW)
- University of Trento (IT)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Middle East Technical University (TR)
- National Central University (TW)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (PT)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- Ernst Ruska Centre (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica (TW)
- East–West Center (US)
- Southeast University (BD)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics And Applications (IT)
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica (TW)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Institute of Electrical Engineering (CN)
- Institute of High Energy Physics (CN)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano Bicocca (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna (IT)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (CN)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (IT)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES)
- Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology
- Institut des langues et cultures d'Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie (FR)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH)
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Southeast University (CN)
- Beihang University (CN)
- Academia Sinica (TW)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
- Université Grenoble Alpes (FR)
- National Cheng Kung University (TW)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University of Oulu (FI)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Physical Review Letters
- Published
- 2025-02-03
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.134.051001
- Citations
- 10
- Primary Topic
- Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 11.55
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Shandong University
- CERN
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
- Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Academia Sinica
- Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial
- Academy of Finland
- Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- Government of Guangdong Province
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
- Government of Jiangsu Province
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
- China Scholarship Council
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- RWTH Aachen University
- Fondation Ernst et Lucie Schmidheiny
- National Cheng Kung University
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
- Marshall Space Flight Center
- Johnson Space Center
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- European Regional Development Fund
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
- Government of Shandong Province