Seizure Detection in Medical IoT: Hybrid CNN-LSTM-GRU Model with Data Balancing and XAI Integration

The brain acts as the body’s central command, overseeing diverse functions including thought, memory, speech, movement, and the regulation of various organs. When healthy, the brain functions seamlessly and automatically; however, disruptions can lead to serious conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Brain Cancer, Stroke, and Epilepsy. Epilepsy, a neurological disorder marked by recurrent seizures, results from irregular electrical activity in the brain. These seizures, which can strain both patients and neurologists, are characterized by symptoms like the loss of awareness, unusual behavior, and confusion. This study presents an efficient EEG-based epileptic seizure detection framework utilizing a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models approach to support automated and accurate diagnosis. Handling imbalanced EEG data, which can otherwise bias model outcomes and reduce predictive accuracy, is a key focus. Experimental results indicate that the proposed framework generally outperforms other Deep Learning and Machine Learning techniques with the highest accuracy at 99.13%. Likewise, an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) called SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) is utilized to analyze the results and to improve the interpretability of the models from medical decision-making. This framework aligns with the objectives of the Medical Internet of Things (MIoT), advancing smart medical applications and services for effective epileptic seizure detection.