Disfunciones Visuales y Oculares en la Prematuridad

Relevance: This study compiles all the research conducted in recent years on the search for possible visual dysfunctions related to prematurity (a high-prevalence risk factor) in order to facilitate early diagnosis and ensure more accurate follow-up and treatment for these patients. Abstract: In this literature review, a total of 198 research studies published in the last 10 years have been analysed, of which 10 have been included that meet the scientific evidence guidelines explained in this paper. After the search with certain criteria, the results show a high percentage of Retinopathy of prematurity as the most prevalent pathology in prematurity, followed by a high rate of refractive errors, such as astigmatism, hypermetropia and myopia and a higher incidence of strabismus, nystagmus and amblyopia. There are significant alterations in brain areas involved in the visual system involved in processes such as visual recognition and memory, as well as in motor processing, leading to alterations in ocular motility and stereopsis. In addition, there is evidence of a delay in the process of emmetropisation and in the development of the accommodative/vergence system, also related to prematurity. These results are supported by the literature and when compared with each other. Controversy has been found in relation to other studies, especially in the case of strabismus, amblyopia and non-significant results in ocular measurements such as vitreous and anterior chamber thickness. These findings related to preterm birth show the importance of vision screening in the pediatric population from an early age for early diagnosis and treatment and to improve the quality of life of these patients.