Clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment in hemodialysis patients with central venous stenosis: A retrospective analysis

Central venous balloon angioplasty is an effective treatment for central venous stenosis in hemodialysis patients, with satisfactory technical and clinical success rates. Age, upper arm fistula and collateral circulation are important factors affecting the treatment outcome for subclavian veins. Similarly, the corresponding factors for the brachiocephalic veins include age, upper-arm fistula, high pressure to efface waist and diabetes.