Diverse Applications of Saphenous Vein Graft in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction

The greater saphenous vein (GSV) is widely used as an autologous graft in reconstructive surgeries, particularly in coronary artery bypass grafting and peripheral vascular interventions. This study explores the applicability of the GSV as a valuable graft option in oral and maxillofacial reconstructions, focusing on complex head and neck cases. Given the unique anatomic challenges of these areas, including proximity to vital structures and the need for extensive tissue resection, the GSV serves as an effective conduit in reconstructive strategies. This article provides a detailed overview of the typical GSV harvesting technique and presents case studies demonstrating the diverse applications of GSV grafts, including mandibular defect reconstruction, replacement of the internal jugular vein after radical neck dissection, and maxillary reconstruction after oncologic resection. The discussion addresses common anatomic and technical considerations, such as variable GSV diameters, vessel size mismatches, and donor site morbidity. A number of advanced anastomotic techniques is evaluated to address graft-recipient vessel discrepancies, ensuring optimal outcomes. Emphasizing careful patient evaluation and precise surgical techniques, this study concludes that the GSV is a reliable autogenous graft option, extending its versatility to challenging head and neck reconstructions. Preoperative anatomic assessment through Doppler analysis, patient consultation, and meticulous graft handling are essential to optimize graft function and minimize complications.