Experimental investigation and scenario-based optimization of energy flexibility in embedded radiant cooling systems

This study experimentally demonstrates the precooling flexibility of radiant cooling panels embedded into the envelope. The results show that a 3-h precooling period provides approximately 2.5 h of recovery time, allowing the indoor temperature to rise steadily to the upper limit with relatively low energy consumption. This confirms the effectiveness of the proposed cooling system in load shifting without compromising indoor comfort. Additionally, different thermal models were developed and compared using measured data. The state-space model was identified as the most accurate and reliable model for capturing system thermodynamics. Scenario-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) energy managements were designed and evaluated optimized results. Compared to the measured results, the scenario optimized for minimum energy consumption reduced total energy use by 17.8 %. Scenarios responding to Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing and photovoltaics (PV) generation reduced energy costs by 31.4 % and 29.8 %, respectively, with the latter achieving 93.4 % PV self-consumption. Proposed energy management strategies maintained indoor temperatures within an acceptable thermal comfort range, with an average temperature difference of less than 0.1 °C during the radiant cooling system's operation. The effective reduction in energy costs without compromising thermal comfort highlights the potential of MPC in optimizing the flexibility by leveraging dynamic price and PV generation.