Adaptive THz control using graphene-embedded temperature-sensitive material structures

Precise manipulation of terahertz (THz) waves is critical for applications in communication, imaging, and sensing. This study investigates the reflectance and transmittance properties of graphene-embedded structures composed of temperature-sensitive materials (TSMs) and temperature-insensitive materials (ATSMs). Four configurations—ATSM-TSM, TSM-TSM, ATSM-G-TSM, and TSM-G-TSM—are analyzed. The ATSM-TSM configuration achieves zero reflectance and nearly 100% transmittance from 0.5 to 6.5 THz, while the TSM-TSM provides tunable broadband reflectance and transmittance within 0.1–4 THz. Graphene integration in ATSM-G-TSM and TSM-G-TSM enhances tunability, enabling dual-channel resonance and broadband control across 0.5–6 THz. Temperature-induced impedance mismatch in indium antimonide (InSb) and graphene’s plasmonic effects provide precise control over resonance frequencies and transparency. These findings demonstrate the potential of graphene-embedded TSM and ATSM structures for advanced THz filters, modulators, and sensors, paving the way for innovative tunable photonic devices.