Academic Possible Selves, Motivational Beliefs, and Self-Regulation Among Adolescents Attending General and Vocational Schools: Does the Type of School Matter?

Academic possible selves (PSs) are defined as future self-representations about education and academic outcomes, recognized for their motivational power, especially in challenging situations. This study aimed to (i) explore the salience of academic PSs among senior high school students, considering sociodemographic factors; (ii) investigate the relationships among perceived contextual factors, PS constructs, difficulty mindsets, and academic outcomes; and (iii) examine differences between general and vocational school students across these variables and their relationships. A sample of 598 10th graders (i) reported their two most important hoped-for and feared PSs as well as their strategies to achieve/avoid them and (ii) completed scales measuring demographics, perceptions about parents' and teachers' beliefs, perceived efficacy for attaining PSs, perception of school as a path, difficulty mindsets about academic tasks, academic self-regulation, and achievement. The results indicated that academic PSs were salient among adolescents' hoped-for PSs, with general school students reporting academic PSs more frequently and showing more positive motivational beliefs. Path analysis indicated the role of the study variables in academic self-regulation and achievement, with school type moderating these effects. The findings emphasize the importance of supporting students' academic PSs and tailoring context-based interventions to foster academic outcomes in diverse school settings.