Alterations in the Tongue Coating Microbiome in Patients With Diarrhea‐Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Cross‐Sectional Study

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the occurrence and development of IBS-D, however, IBS-D-associated tongue coating microbiome dysbiosis has not yet been clearly defined. To address this, we analyzed the structure and composition of the tongue coating microbiome in 23 IBS-D patients and 12 healthy controls using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis. The 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed that the overall observed OTUs of tongue coating microbiome in IBS-D patients exhibited a significant decrease compared with the healthy controls. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the diversity and community richness were significantly reduced in IBS-D patients, and PCoA revealed a distinct clustering of tongue coating microbiome between the IBS-D patients and healthy controls. Microbial comparisons at the genus level showed that the abundance of Veillonella, Prevotella in IBS-D patients was higher than those in healthy controls, while Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Granulicatella, and Rothia were significantly reduced compared with the healthy volunteers. Functional analysis results showed significant differences in 88 functional metabolic pathways between the IBS-D patients and the healthy controls, including fatty acid biosynthesis. These findings identified the structure, composition, functionality of tongue coating microbiome in IBS-D patients, and hold promise the potential for therapeutic targets during IBS-D management.