UNDERSTANDING LUNG CARCINOMA: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES, AND THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES

Lung carcinoma, originating in the bronchi or lung parenchyma, remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. It accounts for approximately 2 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths annually. Factors such as tobacco consumption, environmental pollutants, genetic predispositions, and occupational exposures contribute significantly to its increasing prevalence. Lung carcinoma is broadly classified into small and non-small cell carcinoma, with subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. The pathogenesis of lung carcinoma involves genetic mutations, including alterations in tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes such as K-RAS, EGFR, and ALK, leading to unchecked cell proliferation. Advances in genomic profiling and biomarker discovery have enabled the development of targeted therapies, such as EGFR inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, revolutionizing the treatment landscape. Diagnosis relies on imaging techniques like CT and PET scans, histopathological analysis, and molecular tests. Early detection and personalized medicine approaches have improved survival rates, though challenges such as drug resistance and limited access to advanced treatments persist. Preventive measures, including smoking cessation programs and public health initiatives, remain critical in reducing lung carcinoma incidence. Palliative care plays a vital role in managing symptoms and enhancing the quality of life for advanced-stage patients. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies, the prognosis varies significantly depending on cancer type, stage, and metastasis. Integrating immunotherapy and precision medicine holds promise for further improving patient outcomes.