Assessment of fly ash waste utilization in cement production: Implications for air quality and sustainability

Background: Growing national development and energy consumption increase reliance on coal, a non-renewable resource. In Indonesia, coal mainly fuels electricity generation, producing significant fly ash waste. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of using hazardous and non-hazardous fly ash in cement production. Methods: This research employs a quantitative approach, focusing on fly ash utilization in cement production. Conducted at PT ABC, it analyzes emissions from five chimneys and ambient air quality, using AERMOD modeling and Continuous Particulate Monitoring for data collection and analysis. Findings: PT ABC has tested fly ash waste from 2018 and 2022 as a substitute for cement raw material, meeting the necessary specifications for both hazardous (B3) and non-hazardous (non-B3) categories. TSP emission data from 2022 were modeled using AERMOD, considering meteorological conditions and chimney emissions. The worst-case scenario for 24-hour particulate dispersion showed compliance with ambient air quality standards, indicating effective management of air pollution at PT ABC. Conclusion: Fly ash utilization at PT ABC maintains air quality standards without significant decline. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study comprehensively assesses fly ash waste management in cement production, utilizing AERMOD modeling to demonstrate compliance with environmental standards and promoting sustainable practices while addressing Indonesia's critical environmental challenges.