Evaluating war-induced damage to agricultural land in the Gaza Strip since October 2023 using PlanetScope and SkySat imagery

The ongoing 2023 Israel-Hamas War has severe and far-reaching consequences for the people, economy, food security, and environment. The immediate impacts of damage and destruction to cities and farms are apparent in widespread reporting and first-hand accounts from within the Gaza Strip. However, there is a lack of comprehensive assessment of the war's impacts on key Gazan agricultural land that are vital for immediate humanitarian concerns during the ongoing war and for long-term recovery. In the Gaza Strip, agriculture is arguably one of the most important land use systems. However, remote detection of damage to Gazan agriculture is challenged by the diverse agronomic landscapes and small farm sizes. This study uses multi-resolution satellite imagery to monitor damage to tree crops and greenhouses, the most important agricultural land in the Gaza Strip. Our methodology involved several key steps: First, we generated a pre-war cropland map, distinguishing between tree crops (e.g., olives) and greenhouses, using a random forest (RF) model and the Segment Anything Model (SAM) on nominally 3-m PlanetScope and 50-cm Planet SkySat imagery, obtained from 2022 to 2023. Second, we assessed damage to tree crop fields due to the war, employing a harmonic model-based time series analysis using PlanetScope imagery. Third, we assessed the damage to greenhouses by classifying PlanetScope imagery using a random forest model. We performed accuracy assessments on a generated tree crop fields damage map using 1,200 randomly sampled 3 × 3-m areas, and we generated error-adjusted area estimates with a 95% confidence interval. To validate the generated greenhouse damage map, we used a random sampling-based analysis. We found that 64–70% of tree crop fields and 58% of greenhouses had been damaged by 27 September 2024, after almost one year of war in the Gaza Strip. Agricultural land in Gaza City and North Gaza were the most heavily damaged with 90% and 73% of tree crop fields damaged in each governorate, respectively. By the end of 2023, all greenhouses in North Gaza and Gaza City had been damaged. Our damage estimate overall agrees with that from UNOSAT but provides more detailed and accurate information, such as the timing of the damage as well as fine-scale changes. Our results attest to the severe impacts of the Israel-Hamas War on Gaza's agricultural sector with direct relevance for food security and economic recovery needs. Due to the rapid progression of the war, we have made the latest damage maps and area estimates available on GitHub ( https://github.com/hyinhe/Gaza ). • We assessed the impact of the Israel–Hamas conflict on agricultural land use in Gaza. • A harmonic model was applied to PlanetScope imagery to detect damage to tree crops. • The Segment Anything Model was utilized to identify individual greenhouses. • By September 2024, 64–70% of tree crop fields and 58% of greenhouses were damaged. • Our results align with UNOSAT's findings but offer greater and more accurate details.