Ameliorative effects of ginger extract on ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle induced toxicity in liver and kidneys of rats

Recently, the use of ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) in commercial and industrial products has increased. However, concerns have been raised regarding their possible negative effects on human health. Limited studies have been conducted on co-exposure toxicity of ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> in rats, so the consequences of their co-exposure have not yet been reported. Recently, ginger has gained considerable attention owing to its ability to improve human health. The aim of this study was to examine effects of ginger extract on serum biochemical, hematological, and histological alterations induced by ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> alone and in combination in rats. Seventy adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups, with 10 rats in each group. Distilled water played the role of vehicle for the control groups. ZnO NPs and TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs significantly reduced hemoglobin, platelets, and red blood cells, while increasing white blood cells, aspartate, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine levels. Histological analysis revealed time-dependent liver and kidney damage. Simultaneous exposure to both NPs initially resulted in less damage; however, more damage occurred later. Ginger significantly reduced these effects, suggesting that ginger extract may be a potential biocompound for shielding and improving liver and kidney functions against NP-induced toxicity. nanoparticle induced