Mathematical Modeling and Protocol Optimization in VANETs: Enhancing Reliability with Advanced Communication Technologies

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a specialized type of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) that play a crucial role in enhancing traffic safety, efficiency, and providing infotainment services to passengers. VANETs involve highly dynamic and mobile nodes (vehicles) which communicate with each other (V2V), with roadside infrastructure (V2I), and with other network entities (V2X). This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various protocols and configurations in VANETs, focusing on key performance metrics such as latency and packet delivery ratio (PDR) under different node densities and network conditions. The study investigates the performance of the Intermittent Forwarding Protocol (IFP) with varying ????values, the Self-Distributing Beacon (SDB) protocol with different maximum waiting times (MaxWT), and the Scheduled Pseudonym Beaconing (SPB) protocol with different scheduling intervals (Ns). The analysis includes scenarios with and without mmWave technology and gain to understand the impact of high-frequency communication on network performance. Overall, the study underscores the importance of optimizing protocol parameters to enhance network performance in VANETs. IFP emerges as the most efficient protocol, demonstrating better scalability and reliability compared to SDB and SPB. The use of mmWave technology, while beneficial, requires careful tuning to avoid network congestion and maintain optimal performance.This research provides valuable insights into the design and implementation of effective communication protocols for VANETs, highlighting the critical need for adaptive and resilient protocols to handle the unique challenges posed by high mobility and dynamic network topologies. Future work should focus on further refining these protocols and exploring new technologies to enhance VANET performance and reliability, ultimately contributing to safer and more efficient transportation systems.