INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES OF INSTITUTIONAL STIMULATION OF SMES: KAZAKHSTAN'S EXPERIENCE

The quality and effectiveness of student learning are largely determined by the level of interactivity of teaching methods and technologies. In the middle of the last century, the Austrian biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy formulated the main provisions of a generalized systemic concept called “General Systems Theory”. In it, the author, in particular, identified three levels of interactivity of interaction between subjects of activity. In accordance with this theory, in modern pedagogy, teaching methods and technologies can be identified that are oriented toward one or another level of interactivity of subjects: zero, first, and second.