Ascensos e descensos na população afrodescendente na América Llatina: as experiências da Colômbia e Brasil nos censos de 2018 e 2022

This article analyzes the factors associated with the increase and decrease of Black populations in the recent censuses of Brazil and Colombia. These results reflect distinct historical processes of ethnic-racial construction and the census methodologies used in each country. The research proposes a decolonial perspective, considering how coloniality, as a structure of global power, perpetuates inequalities by articulating racism, economic exploitation, and Eurocentrism. In this context, censuses are problematized both as instruments of visibility and as mechanisms of power that reproduce colonial hierarchies in times of multiculturalism. The study investigates census data, ethnic-racial categories, and institutional discourses through a qualitative and comparative approach. The analysis highlights the importance of a critical reflection on censuses, emphasizing their role in identity construction, promoting social justice, and their potential to challenge ideologies that minimize or deny racism.