Cost-Efficient Energy Management for V2G and G2V Operations in AC/DC Microgrids

This paper introduces a hierarchical control strategy for energy management in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid, emphasizing the influence of electric vehicle (EV) charging patterns. The power flow and standard operating conditions within the AC and DC segments of the microgrid are controlled at both primary and secondary levels. An EV aggregator model is proposed to manage the EV converter based on a planned schedule, enabling efficient power distribution and improving microgrid stability. To optimize the EV charging process and reduce costs, a non-linear stochastic programming model is employed. The performance of both the microgrid controller and EV aggregator is thoroughly evaluated in a real-time lab setting, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing EV power, enhancing voltage and frequency stability, and optimizing scheduling in both grid-connected and islanded modes.