ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND THEIR CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Introduction: Two main structural differences within the cardiovascular system play a major role in the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. It is essential and necessary to comprehend these differences so as to enhance patient care and surgical results. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and clinical implications of anatomical variations in the cardiovascular system, focusing on cardiac chambers, blood vessels, and autonomic innervation. Materials and Methods: The following a descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at National Institute of Cardiovascular diseases Karachi Pakistan for a period of six months. Information was obtained by employing diagnostic imaging that included DSA, CT angiography, echocardiography, and MRI. Two hundred participants who meet certain eligibility criteria were recruited. Results: LVH was seen in 25% of patients, coronary artery anomalies in 30%, and anomalies in the circle of Willis in 20% of patients. Variations were largely related to demographic factors and other diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Conclusion: Anatomical variations exist and have a profound clinical significance. It was realized that the provision of advanced technologies and individual patient approaches are critical to better management and results.