Nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for Oral Cancer: Mechanism, challenges, and therapeutic potential

Oral cancer represents a major global health concern, characterized by high mortality rates attributed to late diagnosis and the constraints of traditional treatment methods. Chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic methods frequently lead to significant side effects, elevated recurrence rates, and inadequate targeting. Recent advancements in nanotechnology provide innovative, targeted therapeutic strategies that enhance bioavailability and decrease toxicity. This review provides an overview of nanoparticle applications in oral cancer therapy, outlining mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and potential clinical impacts. Nanoparticles, encompassing organic, inorganic, and hybrid types (combined organic and inorganic materials), are investigated for their distinct properties in targeted drug delivery, with the objective of addressing existing therapeutic challenges. Despite encouraging preclinical results, issues related to nanoparticle stability, safety, and regulatory considerations remain, necessitating additional research to connect experimental outcomes with clinical applications.