The Impact of Mercury from Dental Amalgams on Pregnancy and Childhood: A Health and Risk Assessment Evaluation

Mercury is a pervasive global pollutant, with primary anthropogenic sources including mining, industrial processes, and mercury-containing products such as dental amalgams. These sources release mercury into the environment, where it accumulates in ecosystems and enters the food chain, notably through bioamplification in marine life, posing a risk to human health. Dental amalgams, widely used for over a century, serve as a significant endogenous source of inorganic mercury. Studies have demonstrated that mercury vapor can be released from amalgams at room temperature due to material corrosion, potentially leading to chronic exposure. Pregnant women and children are particularly susceptible to mercury's toxic effects, with research linking prenatal mercury exposure to developmental delays, neurocognitive deficits, and conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, the long-term accumulation of mercury in the body raises concerns about delayed health impacts in individuals exposed during childhood. Recent findings suggest even low levels of mercury exposure may contribute to kidney damage mediated by oxidative stress, highlighting the importance of monitoring mercury levels in vulnerable populations. Prenatal mercury transfer and postnatal exposure through breastfeeding further amplify the risks. This review critically assesses the health implications of mercury exposure from dental amalgams, focusing on its impact on pregnancy and childhood development. It underscores the need for updated regulatory measures to mitigate mercury-related risks and calls for further research to clarify the extent of mercury's long-term effects on human health.