Does Causality BetweenTourism and Environmental Pollution Depend on Economic Development Level?

T his study explored the causal link between tourism and CO2 emissions using bivariate and multivariate causality approaches to analyse data from 134 countries. Employing JKS's Panel Granger non-causality method, we established that tourism significantly Granger-causes environmental pollution. The multivariate model exhibited more robust causality than the bivariate model, yet this causality remains consistent regardless of a country's economic development level. This emphasizes the urgent need to address the interplay between tourism and environmental concerns.