Prediction of Color Change in Heat-Treated Wood Based on Improved Zebra Algorithm Optimized Deep Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Model (IZOA-DHKELM)

In this study, an Improved Zebra Optimization Algorithm (ZOA) is proposed based on the search mechanism of the Sparrow Optimization Algorithm (SSA), the perturbation mechanism of the Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO), and the adaptive function. Then, Improved Zebra Optimization Algorithm (IZOA) was used to optimize the Deep Hybrid Kernel Extreme Learning Machine Model (DHKELM), and the IZOA-DHKELM was obtained. The model has been used to predict the color of heat-treated wood for different species, temperatures, times, media, and profile types. In this article, the original DHKELM and the ZOA-DHKELM were compared to verify the validity and accuracy of the model. The results indicated that the IZOA-DHKELM decreased the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) by 56.2%, 67.4%, and 34.2%, respectively, while enhancing the coefficient of determination, R2, to 0.9952 compared to the ZOA-DHKELM. This demonstrated that the model was significantly optimized, with improved generalization ability and prediction accuracy. It can better meet the actual engineering needs.