Assessing the impacts of low-earth orbital satellite systems in remote indigenous communities: Social and economic outcomes of use in northern Canada

Despite significant efforts to enhance digital connectivity in Canada's Far North, connectivity issues persist, particularly in small rural/remote communities. The recent emergence of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites may present one solution due to their lower latency, higher bandwidth, and potentially reduced costs when compared to traditional geostationary satellites. However, available primary data on user experiences with LEO satellite services remains limited. In this context, we present the results of an empirical study exploring the early-stage impact of LEO satellite technologies in two remote communities in the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada. Drawing from digital divide and digital inclusion research, we demonstrate how the introduction of new satellite technologies impacts first- and third-level digital divides in geographically remote, small population communities. Our study found that compared to other available satellite services, subscribers to Starlink's LEO satellite services experienced better internet speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, with notable improvements in digital access and engagement in online activities. This illustrates how LEO services may contribute to digital inclusion by supporting the social and economic outcomes of internet access. However, concerns remain over persistent first-level digital divide challenges including the affordability and reliability of these new services, particularly given high initial costs and lack of local technical support. We also note the trade-offs for local economies that accompany the adoption of such services, such as reliance on propretiary end-user terminals and highly centralized business operations. Future research will continue to track user experiences and the broader impact of LEO services in rural/remote Indigenous communities. • Low-Earth Orbital (LEO) satellites offer promise in addressing longstanding digital divides, including in Northern Canada. • Primary data and empirical research on user experiences with LEO satellites are limited. • We explore how end users in two remote fly-in Indigenous communities are adopting these technologies. • LEO satellites help address first-level (access, affordability, reliability) and third-level (social and economic outcomes) digital divides. • While LEO satellite services are promising, they result in trade-offs for end users and rural/remote communities.