Implication of nano and microplastics in reproduction: understanding oocyte vulnerability

The widespread environmental dispersion of nano- and microplastics (NMPs) has sparked serious concerns about their potential impact on human and animal health. NMPs are the result of plastics breaking down due to various chemical, physical, and biological processes. Numerous studies have identified and confirmed the harmful effects of NMPs on the female reproductive system. Specifically, NMPs trigger apoptosis and pyroptosis in granulosa cells by activating the NLRP3/caspase pathway and disrupting the Wnt signaling pathway. These processes contribute to uterine fibrosis and reduce the number of ovarian follicles. Additionally, some research suggests that NMPs may impair oocyte maturation, reduce oocyte quality, and compromise overall ovarian function. This review aims to synthesize the currently limited knowledge on the effects of NMPs on granulosa cells and oocytes. KEY WORDS: Nano-microplastics (NMPs), oocyte, granulosa cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis.