Resource Nationalism and Lithium Extraction in Bolivia: Evaluating Policy Shifts and Continuities under Evo Morales and Luis Arce

Resource nationalism in Bolivia, particularly on lithium extraction, has undergone significant shifts under the leadership of Evo Morales and Luis Arce. This paper aims to evaluate these policy changes and continuities, focusing on Morales's third term (2015-2019) and Arce's current administration (2020-present). The objective is to analyze how Bolivia's approach to lithium, a critical resource for global green technologies, reflects broader socio-economic and political dynamics under both politicians. Methodologically, this study employs a qualitative analysis of policy documents, interviews with key stakeholders, and a review of existing literature on Bolivia's resource nationalism. By using a political ecology framework, the research examines the implications of state-led lithium industrialisation on local communities and the environment. The scope of the paper includes an exploration of nationalisation efforts started under Morales, the establishment of Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB), and recent partnerships with foreign entities during Arce's tenure. It also addresses the socio-ecological impacts of lithium extractions and the challenges posed by global demand. This research looks to contribute to the understanding of Bolivia's evolving resource governance in the context of its aspirations for economic development and environmental sustainability.