Exploring Muon Imaging: Principles, Applications, and Techniques

The first scanning of Chephren's pyramid using muon imaging was carried out by L. W. Alvarez in 1970. Since then, Muography based on penetrating probes and detectors has found wider application in different fields. Muon imaging is conducted using two modes (i) absorption and transmission modes (ii) deviation modes of muon. Utilizing both the modes structure of variable size and different densities are imaged. In the present paper after a brief review of cosmic ray muon, the various applications of muon have been classified and discussed under three specific categories: muon radiography, muon metrology, and muon tomography. The basic ideas of all three categories have been explained to realize the principle and significance of the muon imaging applications.