The impact of nutrition on dairy cattle productivity: sustainable development strategies and advanced technologies

The increasing demand for dairy products in the context of climate change and limited resources necessitates the implementation of innovative approaches to feeding cattle. Modern milk production faces numerous challenges, including the need to enhance productivity, ensure high milk quality, and adhere to the principles of environmental sustainability. Research demonstrates that the use of protein supplements and inulin in cow diets significantly improves milk quality and quantity, enhancing its fatty acid profile, antioxidant properties, and coagulation characteristics, which are particularly important for cheese production. At the same time, unbalanced diets can increase the risk of metabolic diseases, such as ketosis and acidosis, adversely affecting the health and productivity of cows. Proper protein balancing, including the optimal ratio of rumen-degradable and rumen-undegradable proteins, helps mitigate these risks. This approach supports stable lactation, reduces the frequency of electrolyte disorders during the postpartum period, and lowers the incidence of hypocalcemia. These methods are especially effective during peak lactation periods, when the demand for protein and energy in animals is heightened. Grazing systems also have a significant positive impact on animal health, particularly by reducing the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. However, insufficient control of grazing can increase the risk of parasitic infections. Moreover, the inclusion of inulin in cow diets enhances digestion, raises the level of conjugated linoleic acid in milk, and reduces oxidative stress. In turn, this ensures prolonged preservation of milk quality, improving its organoleptic properties. The adoption of sustainable development technologies, such as the use of protein supplements and inulin, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, minimizes the use of natural resources like water and land, and optimizes the economic efficiency of production. Consequently, these technologies not only enhance the environmental sustainability of the sector but also contribute to its long-term stability, ensuring high productivity levels even under conditions of global climate change. Future research should focus on developing new feeding methods that combine high productivity with environmental responsibility, ensuring the conservation of natural resources and reducing the negative impact on the environment.