Rewiring Our Psychologically Informed Physical Therapy Interventions: Triple Network Model, Immunology, Sex, and Pain Perception

While pain remains a subjective experience and unique to the individual, biological sex is a factor influencing each person’s response to nociception and chronic pain behavioral adaptations. Indeed, advances in neuroimmunology have shed light on sex differences in coding for nociception, pain perception, and may open a window into our patients' unique life experience. Additionally, these sex differences offer another opportunity to explore tailored therapeutic interventions to minimize pain and suffering.