Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: A Practical Overview

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the most common causes of persistent tearing and ocular discharge in infants. Affecting approximately 5–20% of newborns, CNLDO results from incomplete canalization of the nasolacrimal duct during foetal development. While the condition is often self-limiting, delayed diagnosis and management can lead to complications such as dacryocystitis and amblyopia. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies, and evidence-based management of CNLDO, aiming to support clinicians in optimizing outcomes for affected children.