Stochastic Optimization Approach for Energy Hub Design and Operation Incorporating Hydrogen Storage, Electric Vehicles, and Demand Response

The integration of hydrogen storage systems (HSSs) and electric vehicles (EVs) into smart energy hubs (EHs) presents significant opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency, reliability, and clean operation. Accordingly, this study presents a comprehensive approach for the optimal design and efficient operation of smart EH systems equipped with solar-powered compressed air energy storage (SPCAES), HSS, battery storage systems, and thermal energy storage (TES). Moreover, multiple EV parking lots have been considered in the proposed approach. Additionally, the proposed model has also employed the demand response program (DRP), which plays a crucial role in optimizing the balance between energy supply and demand. The key objectives to be minimized include operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed approach is tested on the IEEE-33 bus distribution system. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of coordinated management of diverse energy resources to achieve optimal performance in smart energy systems, this is demonstrated by the reductions of 4.16% in investment costs, 23.76% in operational costs, and 17.96% in emissions costs.