Advancing the AI-Based Realization of ACAS X Towards Real-World Application

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied to a wide range of safety-critical domains, such as automotive, robotics, and aviation. Especially the automotive and robotics domains have seen a rapid increase in the number of AI-based systems that are being deployed in real-world applications. However, real-world applications in the aviation domain are still sparse, given the challenges of AI engineering in combination with strict safety requirements. A first possible application of AI in the aviation domain might be the future collision avoidance system Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems X (ACAS X). The goal of collision avoidance systems is to issue advisories to the pilot to avoid near mid-air collisions (NMACs). The two important variants of ACAS X for this work are ACAS XA, providing vertical advisories and meant as a drop-in replacement for current systems in commercial air flight, and ACAS Xu, providing horizontal advisories for the ever-growing unmanned aircraft systems market. This work brings both variants closer to real-world deployment by implementing a vertical collision avoidance system, based upon ACAS XA, and a horizontal collision avoidance system, based upon ACAS Xu, for the research flight simulator FlightGear. Using advisories given by this implementation, this work furthermore provides an auto-avoid function that can command an airplane in FlightGear to safely avoid NMACs. Finally, this work will show that the ACAS X implementation can avoid collisions in a simulated environment. For this task, an Operational Design Domain will be defined serving as a basis for safety considerations and evaluating the implementation of the ACAS X. In the end, simulation-based testing will be used separately for VCAS and HCAS showing the successful utilization of advisory predictions as autopilot inputs. Summarizing, this work not only presents an open-source implementation of ACAS X<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</inf> and ACAS Xu for FlightGear but also shows how the generated advisories can be used to successfully avoid NMACs.