Energy-Efficient Watermarking System Through Approximate Discrete Haar Wavelet Transform

This work introduces a low-energy-driven watermarking system that employs the approximate discrete Haar Wavelet transform (AxDHWT) to insert watermark images into host images. Our contribution involves developing an energy-efficient AxDHWT watermarking system in VLSI hardware. Additionally, we present a model implemented in MATLAB, incorporating probability theory for accuracy estimation, along with extensive testing conducted under diverse attack scenarios. Logic synthesis (LS) results show that the AxDHWT watermarking system demonstrates low power and reduces area cost, featuring ten fewer arithmetic circuits than the current state-of-the-art. Remarkably, our AxDHWT-based architecture showcases reductions of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$1.33\times$</tex> in area and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$2.88\times$</tex> in energy consumption compared to the state-of-the-art system.