Theoretical Models of Adoption and Acceptance of e-Learning Prior and During Covid19

Prior to the Covid19 pandemic, the educational methods used were physical face to face teaching, e-learning, and blended learning, which is a combination of physical teaching and e-learning. During the Covid 19 pandemic, physical education was not possible, leading to e-learning becoming the favorable method of administering education. While e-learning became the compulsory method during the Covid 19 pandemic, there was a limited time for adoption and acceptance of e-learning. This study reviewed the models and/or frameworks for adoption and acceptance prior and during Covid19 in e-learning to identify necessary variables for a pandemic period. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select the papers assessed. The assessment acknowledged 18 related studies published prior and during Covid19. The results showed that prior to the pandemic period, there were variables used which were not included during the pandemic period in adopting and accepting the e-learning system. Out of 52 variables discovered in this study, 7 variables are confirmed to be common/core variables which are exogenous and/or endogenous. The 7 common variables are Social Influence, Facilitating Condition, Behavioral Intention, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Attitude and Intension to use. It further showed that Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness were the most crucial common variables used during the pandemic. The core variables are indicators of adoption and acceptance of technologies in any environment. Therefore, it is concluded that the research studies are influenced by outbreak of disease pandemic or any natural disaster that can occur, as seen during the Covid19 pandemic the new variables were initiated.