The Sacred Negotiation: Monastic Response to Non-Christian Communities in Late Antique Gaza

This paper examines the pastoral and administrative methodologies of two prominent Late Antique monastic figures, Barsanuphius and John of Gaza, analyzing their engagement with non-Christians and their stance on conversion within the context of Late Antique Roman legislation. It addresses a gap in scholarships regarding the role of monastic figures in the Christianization of the late Roman world. The analysis reveals that the Gaza monks, while adhering to Christian orthodoxy, developed sophisticated strategies for navigating the religious diversity of their communities that were affected by imperial laws that sought to convert non-Christians and punish apostasy. The monks allowed economic interactions with non-Christians but advised against participating in pagan festivals and engaging with heretics. Unlike the mass conversions reported in other regions, the Gaza monks prioritized individualized instruction and spiritual preparation before baptism, advocating for genuine conversions rather than forced ones. Their approach stood in contrast to the harsh legal measures outlined in the Theodosian and Justinian Codes, suggesting a more nuanced and merciful stance toward non-Christians. The study argues that the Gaza monks served as intermediaries between imperial policies and local practices, suggesting the diverse methods and levels of monastic responses toward non-Christians in Late Antique Palestine.