Optimizing renewable systems with nonlinear thermal radiation and inclined magnetic field using radiative Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow over Darcy-Forchheimer surface

Thermal radiation in renewable energy applications with extreme temperatures exhibits a different behaviour from the linear relationship postulated in Rosseland’s approximation. Maximising a system’s thermal efficiency and controlling nonlinear phenomena are essential. This paper emphasises on Rosseland nonlinear estimate for irregular radiative Maxwell Darcy–Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid flow across an inclined surface at a slope pi/4 with base fluid water and nanomaterials of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and graphene. The novelty of the present study is considering the combined effects of nonlinear thermal radiation and inclined magnetic fields in the context of Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow, which can open new pathways for controlling energy in solar energy applications. A complex mathematical equation is solved through the similarity transformation approach and numerically resolved through MAPLE. The flow patterns for various scenarios were assessed using streamlines. The Pearson correlation coefficient method examined the linear relationship between the Nusselt number and physical parameters. The present investigation reveals that when the magnetic field’s inclination varies from pi/4 to pi/3 and there is no thermal radiation, the most substantial heat transfer rate is 12.02% in the case of suction and 18.36% in the case of injection.