Multimodality imaging analysis of the spectrum of endomyocardial fibrosis involvement in a clinical case series

Endomyocardial fibrosis is a rare heart disease with a restrictive phenotype and a poor prognosis. Endomyocardial fibrosis is characterized by apical obliteration with fibrous tissue, of one or both ventricles, and is usually associated with thrombosis, calcification, and AV valve insufficiency. Transthoracic echocardiogram is the first-line imaging modality to assess for EMF. Cardiac magnetic resonance, through late gadolinium enhancement, allows tissue characterization and identifies the 'double V sign', which is pathognomonic of the disease, allowing confirmation of the diagnosis. Therefore, multimodality imaging is essential for the initial and definitive diagnosis of this disease.